Ch.+21+Section+2

** The Rise of the Cities **

The explosion in population that began during the 1700s continued through the 1800s. Cities grew as rural people streamed into urban areas.

//Medicine Contributes to the Population Explosion//
 * The rapid increase in population wasn't due to larger families, but populations soared because the death rate fell.

__The Death rate fell because__ :
 * Nutrition improved
 * Improved methods of farming, food storage, and distribution
 * Medical advances
 * Improvements in public sanitation

The Fight Against Disease Not until** 1870 **did French chemist** Louis Pasteur clearly show the link between mircobes and disease. Louis Pasteur**:**
 * * Some scientists speculated that certain mircrobes might cause specific infectious diseases. Yet most doctors scoffed at this** germ theory **.
 * developed vaccines against Rabies and Anthrax
 * discovered a process called pasteurization that killed disease-carrying microbes in milk [|Pasteurization][[image:http://www.chicagoreader.com/images/blogimages/2010/01/13/1263409299-milk.jpg width="92" height="155" align="center"]]

In the 1880s the German doctor Robert Koch **identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis - a respiratory disease that claimed about 30 million human lives in the 1800s.

By 1914,** //yellow fever and malaria had been traced to mircrobes carried by mosquitoes.//

**Hospital Care Improves ** Anesthesia ** was first used to relieve pain during surgery in the 1840s. British nurse **Florence Nightingale ** said " The very first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm." She worked to :** City Life Changes City life, as old as civilization itself, underwent dramatic changes in Europe and the United States.** City Landscape Change
 * **bring better hygiene to field hospitals**
 * **after the war she worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals**
 * **she also founded the world's first school of nursing**
 * ​ English surgon Joseph Lister discovered how antiseptics prevented infection,** he insisted that surgeons sterilize their instruments and wash their hands before operating.
 * Eventually, the use of antiseptics drastically reduced deaths from infection.
 * The most extensive urban renewal - rebuilding of the poor areas of a city, took place in Paris in the 1850s.

In most American cities, the** rich **lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the** poor** crowded into slums near the city center, within reach of factories.

Paved streets made urban areas much more livable. There were also __gas lamps__ and __electric steel lights__ that were said to illuminate the night, which increased saftey. Beneath the streets sewage systems made cities** MUCH **healthier places to live.**

By **1900** architects began to use steel, using it to construct soaring buildings Slum Conditions In the **worst** tenements, whole families were often crammed into a single room Slums remained a fact of city life.

The Lure of the City Despite their drawbacks, cites attracted **millions** Workers formed Mutual-aid societies - self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers
 * The Working Class Advances **
 * Workers protested:**
 * **low wages**
 * **long hours**
 * **unsafe conditions**
 * **constant threat of unemployment**

Standards of Living Rise

Wages varied - unskilled laborers earning less than skilled workers Women recieved less than half the pay of men doing the same work. Overall, eventually the Standards of living - measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society, did rise.**
 * STILL, the gap between workers and the middle class widened. **

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